Final Writing Assignment Essays - Alan Turing,

Jonathon McNeil Introduction to Philosophy Final Writing Assignment In Alan Turings essay Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Turing seeks to explain that computers can think. To answer this question Turing comes up with the idea of the Imitation Game. Turing uses an example of an Imitation Game, where a computer is trying to convince a person that the computer is also a person. The Imitation Game is a series of questions and answers. As Alan Turing explains, The question and answer method seems to be suitable for introducing almost any one of the fields of human endeavor that we wish to include. We do not wish to penalize the machine for its inability to shine in beauty competitions, nor to penalize a man for losing in a race against an airplane. (286) The next idea of Turing is The Turings Thesis. The Turings Thesis states that if the computer can pass the Turing Test, then that is sufficient for thought. The basic idea of the Imitation Game involves a man, a woman, and an interrogator. Theoretically if the machine can take the place of the man a nd convince the interrogator that the machine is a woman this would prove that the machine is thinking. As Turing explains, I propose to consider the question Can machines think? This should begin with definitions of the meaning of the terms machine and think. The definitions might be framed so as to reflect so far as possible the normal use of the words, but this attitude is dangerous. If the meaning of the words machine and think are to be found by examining how they are commonly used it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the meaning and the answer to the question, Can machines think? is to be sought in a statistical survey such as a Gallup poll. But this is absurd. Instead of attempting such a definition I shall replace the question by another, which is closely related to it the question by another, which is closely related to it and is expressed in relatively unambiguous words. (285) Turing comes up with a test to decide if a computer can really think. The test is called the Turing Test. The Turing Test is a test of whether a digital computer can convince a person that the computer is actually a human. Turing goes on to explain what he means by a digital computer because at the time in his life digital computers were in infancy. A digital computer consists of three elements: The Store, The Executive Unit, and The Control. According to Turing, The idea behind digital computers may be explained by saying that these machines are intended to carry out any operations which could be done by a human computer. The human computer is supposed to be following fixed rules; he has no authority to deviate from them in any detail. We may suppose that these rules are supplied in a book, which is altered whenever he is put on to a new job. He has also an unlimited supply of paper on which he does his calculations. He may also do his multiplications and additions on a desk machine , but this is not important. The store is the part of the computer that stores the information, in a way the store is the unlimited amount of paper. The executive unit is the part of a computer that runs the program. The control is the part of the computer that makes sure the program is running accurately. Turing believed that by the year 2,000, a computer would be able to pass the Turing Test approximately 30% of the time. We know today that this still has yet to be possible. Turing explained that the computers would need to store of 10^9, and explained that Encyclopedia Britannica contained approximately 2x10^9 amount of information. As Turing states, Nevertheless I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted. I believe further that no useful purpose is served by concealing the beliefs. The popular view that scientists proceed inexorably from well-established fact

Food Safety and Quality Essays

Food Safety and Quality Essays Food Safety and Quality Essay Food Safety and Quality Essay Food safety quality Roberts Bakery is committed to a policy of quality assurance throughout all activities in order to maintain its commitment to all stakeholders. The company has developed a series of food safety and quality management systems, which are an integral part of day-to-day business operations and are designed to protect the consumer, the employee and the business from any hazard to health. The products and services offered by the company are required to comply with customer specifications, legislation and company regulations. Methods of assuring quality and food safety re based on a problem prevention basis and the company is dedicated to the application of the British Retail Consortium (BRC) Technical Standard, backed up by the application of Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points (HACCP). The management of this policy is undertaken by the technical managers of the company with the support of the full management team and all company personnel. The team constantly review procedures, taking into account business benchmarking, latest industry standards, legislation and customer feedback. Allergens Roberts Bakery will always clearly communicate to both staff and customers about he use of allergenic ingredients in our products. This includes clear allergen declarations on product packaging and the website, and staff training and risk assessment measures in the production process. Genetically modified foods All of the ingredients that we use in the manufacture of Roberts Bakery products are from non-GM sources. Where appropriate identity preserved sources are used, for example for soya flour, which is fully auditable and traceable. It is the intention of Roberts Bakery to remain free of GM material and to avoid its introduction into any ew or existing products. We therefore support the use of ValidlT to confirm the status of susceptible ingredients. : Palm oil Roberts Bakery is working with its suppliers to source sustainable palm oil as quickly as possible. Further detail on the over-arching polices of Frank Roberts and Sons Limited, and its trading divisions, can be found at www. frank-roberts. co. uk or if you have a question regarding a particular policy then please get in touch. See more at: robertsbakery. co. uk/about-us/food-safety-quality/#sthash. CqydiqSH. dpuf Food Safety and Quality By sakwe

Learning contract 489 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning contract 489 - Assignment Example 41). When a student engages in the contracting process, where he/she will participate in making decisions concerning their education will increase their internal motivation. Learning contract will enable the student to accomplish other goals apart from working for marks. The student will be satisfied after meeting other goals. Many students respond positively to this technique of learning as they appreciate the efforts applied by the teacher in recognizing and accommodating their individual needs. As the student is from working at an appropriate level, the teacher is satisfied from seeing make efforts and grow. The teacher is also happy that the classroom time is not disturbed by regular distractions. Learning contract teaches the student some life skills like learning the importance of setting goals and struggling to achieve them. Learning contract is important as it guides the learner and the teacher on the procedure of handling various topics or units one after the other (Gomez 2011, p. 73). Learning contracts should be designed in a way that it will benefit the parties of the contract especially the learner. The contract should contain all the contents including the objectives, duties of the parties, time to be accomplished, and the

Legal research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal research - Essay Example He reckons that the law allows a spouse to seek legal redress when a torturous action is perpetrated against them. According to Illinois penal codes (Ch. 40, par. 1001), a married man or woman can sue or be sued, in all cases, by his or her wife. In addition, there no defense in saying that the person to whom the tort has been perpetrated to is your spouse. Section 40 declares that a judgment action shall be enforced against the spouse in disregard of marital condition, (Martin 127). This law is applied across the US. This law case arises from the Private Act of 1996 that was enacted across America. According to the Act, violation of privacy is a tort that is actionable even when evidence of damage is not available. In this case, the litigant is charged with responsibility of proofing that the tort perpetrator willfully and without claim of consent violates the privacy of another, (Martin 131). The Act further provides that "†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the degree and nature of privacy to which a person is entitled to in a circumstances or in relation to a matter is that which is rational in the state of affairs, giving due consideration to the lawful interests of others .†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Cited from Martin (2013) p.127) When deciding whether the conduct or act is a violation of another person’s privacy, attention must be given to the incidence, nature, and occasion of the conduct and to any household or other relationship existing in the parties. In this case, the parties concerned are spouse and hence the litigation will be mitigated to divert to the fact that there exists insignificant privacy between a person and their spouse, (Martin 150). Therefore, this case is immaterial. Case brie gives a summary of legal facts in a given case. Case briefing sharpens analytic skills and intensifies understanding of the role of legal proceedings in defining, deducing, and applying legal

Summarizing experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summarizing experience - Essay Example For example, my personality profile is 42 percent extroverted and 58 percent introverted. Here, I was able to pinpoint useful information such as my ability to concentrate for long periods of time, my independence and ability to pursue self-guided projects. Then, I was also classified as Intuitive and Perceiver and was given several pointers in regard to maximizing such nature. Another important feature of the assessment test was the comprehensive outline of careers that matched my personality - from the job description, related occupations, job requirements, salaries, video presentation, to important pointers. These variables were specifically tailored not only on my educational background, but also on my temperaments, motivation, interest and character. All in all, the website was straightforward and easy to use. I was able to peruse the content I was given and I was satisfied. The experience was helpful in the sense that I learned more about myself in the context of embarking on a career, which was my objective in using the

The Importance Of Accurate Financial Statements

The Importance Of Accurate Financial Statements The role of financial accounting is not to show the value of a company, but rather it provides enough information for others outside the company to determine the value of the company for themselves. Financial Statements according to Oxford Online Dictionary are annual statements summarizing a companys activity over the last year. They consist of    the profit and loss account, balance sheet,    statement of total recognized gains and losses    and, if required, the cash flow statement    together with supporting notes.    Proper financial statements are crucial for a companys success. Bad financial management can quickly lead to a companys downfall. Income statements, also known as PLs or profit and losses are a basic account of the companys profits, expenses and sales. These reports will give insight into the finances of a company in the immediate and distant future.    Balance sheets are the assets, liabilities and the equity of a company. This sheet is simply the statement of a companys financial position. The balance sheet does not apply to the future only to the present point in time. Retained earnings statements are forms that show the balance of initial earnings, any changes that took place and the resulting balance of that.    Lastly, when discussing financial statements comes the cash flow statement. This is basically a statement that contains information about a companys cash flow for the short term. This statement will break down all investing, financial and operations activity.    Companys use all of these statements to determine current financial profitability and potential future growth. Without accurate financial statements, and owners and managers ability to correctly understand them, any company is fated to failure. A company could track previous growth and then make an estimate on possible future growth of the company.    Liabilities are any debts, claims, obligations or potential losses a company may have. An example of a liability is an account payable. Accounts payable is simply money that a company owes but has yet to pay. This could be tracked to help reduce future expenses that have ended up costing more than they should have. Businesses have two primary objectives: to remain solvent and to earn a profit.    A companys solvency is the ability of the business to pay its bills and service its debt. The better their solvency, the better they are financially. This is different from a company being profitable.    There are four financial reports that show business owners their profitability: the Balance Sheet, the Income Statement, the Statement of Owners Equity, and the Statement of Cash Flows.    These reports are also the financial product of an accountants analysis of the transactions of the business. A lot of effort goes into preparing these financial statements.    The Balance Sheet shows a particular point in time.    It highlights what resources are owned by a business and what it owes to other parties.    It also shows how much has been invested in the business and what the sources of that investment were.    The balance sheet is often referred to as the snap shot of the business, or a picture of the financial position at that specific point.    In contrast, the Income Statement, also known as the profit and loss statement, provides a perspective on a longer time period. If the balance sheet is a snap shot, think of an income statement like a photo album of the business activities. That photo album is like a story of what financial transactions took place in a particular time frame, and what the overall results of the transactions actually were. The Statement of Cash Flows explains the change in the companys cash during the time interval indicated in the heading of the statement. It is meant to help managers and investors understand the relationship of net income to change in cash balances.(Holmgren, Sundem, Elliott, Philbrick, 2006, pg.185) This report is split into three sections: Operating activities, which explains how a companys cash has changed due to operations; investing activities, refers to amounts spent or received in transactions involving long-term assets; and financing activity, which shows such things as cash received from long term debt, or most commonly through the issuance of stock. All of this reporting shows company information.    It explains where a companys money came from, where it is now, and where it is going, but the root of it all begins with bookkeeping. Basic bookkeeping monitors what the companys check book looks like and what their reoccurring expenses are like payroll, rent, along with any other operating expenses. Every business needs some sort of process to track their expenses and their income without any analysis of their in-and-out flows.    This is where the accountants come in the picture. They evaluate and analyze the information making sense out of the numbers to explain the bigger picture.    For any of the above reports to be useful to an owner or investor, they need to be understandable, timely, relevant and free from bias.

Research in Genetic Engineering Should Be Halted :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

"The tools of molecular biology have enormous potential for both good and evil. Lurking behind every genetic dream come true is a possible Brave New World nightmare" (Dudley 13). Although we all might not acknowledge it, these words hold the key to the future of mankind. The science of genetic engineering, also referred to as biotechnology, first came into the scientific realm in the 1970s. This recent technology offered a new way to manipulate an organism or a population of organisms. Researchers and scientists from around the world were thrilled at the upcoming knowledge that could answer many of their questions dealing with all aspects of genetics. The new genetic engineering technology was never meant to hurt individuals. On the contrary, it offered promises of manipulating the molecules that make up the genetics of living matter in order to benefit, even save, an individual's life. Although genetic engineering promises good fortune for the human race, many questions have been raised pertaining to issues concerning safety, necessity, and, most of all, morality of the entire enterprise. It has been shown through the years, that genetic engineering not only provides great risks to men, women, and children but also presents potential dangers to the environment. True, genetic engineering can have numerous medical advantages, but overall, it is a detrimental procedure to the advancement of humanity. The subject of genetic engineering performed on humans has achieved great acclaim as well as great opposition. Some people say that genetic engineering is beneficial to society while others argue that it should be halted. In order to fully understand this issue, it is important to look at both views in this controversy. One must believe that those who do not know their opponent's arguments do not completely understand their own. When the opinion of others is known one can then become a more "intelligent and discriminating consumer of information in our media-centered culture" (Dudley 9). What are the benefits of genetic engineering? For one thing, chronic and fatal diseases can be avoided before they strike. Many lives, as well as medical dollars, could be saved if doctors could identify individuals that have a likelihood of developing heart disease, cancer, and other fatal diseases. If genetic engineering is allowed to continue, there might even someday be a cure for heart disease, arthritis, Alzheimer's, cancer, and even AIDS. Genetic engineering might also be used to correct genetic disorders.